Aproximem-se um pouco, filhas de Júpiter! Vou demonstrar que o único acesso a essa sabedoria perfeita, a que chamamos a cidadela da felicidade, é através da loucura. Erasmo, Êloge de la folie. Resumo: Sócrates, no Fedro, se diz louco por discursos (228b), nos diz também que o vulgo vê o filósofo como louco (parakínon 249d) justamente por não reconhecer que ele está divinamente inspirado. Assim, no Fedro, os maiores bens nos são transmitidos através da loucura (manía), quando são enviados como (...) uma dádiva dos deuses (244a). Contudo, há um tipo de loucura como doença e outro proveniente da liberação divina do comportamento habitualmente aceito (265a). E é esse segundo tipo de loucura que a filosofia promove, uma conexão noética. Há uma quebra de convenções que ocorre por meio do um desvio criativo, que pode ser facilmente confundido com um desvio patológico, mas na realidade é um processo que envolve o conhecimento de si e, por conseguinte, o cuidado de si, portanto uma perspectiva filosófica e terapêutica. Palavras-chave: Fedro; Mania Divina; Inspiração; Filosofia. Divine ManiaAbstract: Socrates, in Phaedrus, says he is crazy for speeches (228b), and he tells us as well that common folk see the philosopher as a mad person (parakínon 249d), precisely for not recognizing that he is divinely inspired. Thus, in Phaedrus, the greatest goods are transmited to us through madness (mania), when sent as a gift from the gods (244a). However, there is a kind of madness as a disease and another one that comes from divine liberation from usually accepted behavior (265a). It is the second kind of madness that philosophy promotes, a noetic connection. There is a breach in convention that occurs through a creative deviation, which could be easily mistaken for pathological deviation, but rather is a process involving knowledge of oneself and, therefore, selfcare, hence a philosophical and therapeutic perspective. Keywords: Phaedrus; Divine Mania; Inspiration; Philosophy. Manie Divine Résumé: Socrate, dans Phèdre, se dit fou de discours (228b), et il nous dit aussi que les gens ordinaires voient le philosophe comme un fou (parakínon 249d), précisément pour ne pas reconnaître qu'il est divinement inspiré. Donc, dans Phèdre, les plus grands biens nous sont transmis par la folie (manie), lorsque ils sont envoyés comme un cadeau des dieux (244a). Pourtant, il y a une sorte de folie comme une maladie et une autre qui vient de la libération divine du comportement socialement acceptable (265a). C'est le deuxième genre de folie que la philosophie promeut, une connexion noétique. Il y a une rupture de convenance qui se produit par une déviation créative, qui peut être facilement confondue avec une déviation pathologique, mais qui est plutôt un phénomène qui implique la connaissance de soi, et donc le soin de soi, par suite une perspective philosophique et thérapeutique. Mots-Clés: Phèdre; Manie Divine; Inspiration; Philosophie. Data de registro: 02/08/2023 Data de aceite: 18/10/2023. (shrink)

En el texto se exponen algunas reflexiones sobre la importancia que tiene el rescatar los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades rurales, indígenas y campesinas sobre las prácticas agrícolas y alimenticias como recurso y mecanismo para favorecer la seguridad alimnetaria y de esta manera la sustentabilidad comunitaria. Se parte de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, y se exponen casos específicos, como ejemplo, donde la experiencia se ha convertido en una oportunidad de algunas comunidades para hacer valer sus derechos de manejo (...) de la tierra, los procesos que se requieren para la diversidad de cultivos, de su propio sistema de producción y de esta forma mitigar los efectos de la pobreza y consolidad una propuesta alterna para el ejercicio de la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que enfocou a avaliação de desempenho (AD) como um instrumento de poder utilizado na gestão de pessoas. Realizou-se um estudo de caso que utilizou entrevistas individuais com 14 participantes, sendo 4 diretores e gerentes e 10 trabalhadores da área administrativa e operacional. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a análise gráfica do discurso de Lane (1985). A análise dos dados indicou que os participantes (diretoria) percebiam as políticas de gestão de pessoas permeadas pela (...) ideologia dominante como uma forma de garantir a competitividade da empresa no mercado. Já os trabalhadores a percebiam como a possibilidade para o desenvolvimento profissional e a promoção. Os dados sugerem que os resultados da AD eram utilizados na gestão de pessoas apenas quando sustentavam/confirmavam as práticas e decisões da diretoria relacionadas às políticas de pessoal. Assim, a AD pode ser considerada um instrumento de poder na gestão de pessoas, porém tendo seu uso limitado a fatores externos à técnica quando subsidia as ações dos diretores. (shrink)

O campo interdisciplinar dos novos estudos sociais das infâncias parte de uma ruptura epistemológica com as abordagens clássicas das ciências que adotam visões biologizantes, essencialistas e universais da criança e encontra na etnografia uma possibilidade de conceituação de criança enquanto sujeito ativo e de infância enquanto categoria social geracional. O reconhecimento desses conceitos de criança e de infância pela etnografia na pesquisa com crianças implica voltar-se para a criança como o outro, o diferente, o estrangeiro. A proposta de ruptura teórico-conceitual (...) na investigação das infâncias exige a implementação de metodologias que focalizem as experiências, os pontos de vista e as vozes das crianças, compreendendo-as enquanto processo, em outras palavras, constante construção. Portanto, para essa perspectiva, a criança não é o objeto do estudo, mas é sujeito que interage com o pesquisador na construção dos sentidos e significados da pesquisa. O texto está organizado em três partes que abordam os aspectos epistemológicos, teórico-conceituais e metodológicos do debate proposto. Ao final, procura-se uma articulação entre os diferentes aspectos da discussão, propondo uma reflexão sobre a ética e a alteridade, reconhecendo que a diferença atravessa as relações humanas e, portanto, é o diferente, o incomum, o incompreensível, o oposto, o desigual, o inalcançável que marca e define a pesquisa com criança. (shrink)

A violência contra a mulher é considerada mundialmente como um problema de saúde pública e a América Latina tem sido apontada como a região de maior incidência deste tipo de violação. Esta revisão sistemática objetivou investigar a produção científica latino-americana sobre serviços de atendimento à mulher vítima de violência que incluam psicólogos em suas equipes. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs, e Portal Capes, com os descritores “violência contra a mulher”, “violência doméstica contra a mulher”, “psicologia”, “psicología”, (...) “violencia contra las mujeres”, “violencia doméstica contra la mujer”. Considerou-se apenas artigos publicados na América Latina, nos idiomas português e espanhol, durante os últimos 5 anos. No total, 10 estudos foram analisados na íntegra. Esta revisão permitiu constatar que ainda há lacunas na rede de atendimento, que dizem respeito não apenas à atuação do psicólogo, mas também às diferentes áreas que compõem as redes de acolhimento à mulher. (shrink)

This Element offers an overview of some of the most important debates in philosophy and physics around the topics of emergence and reduction and proposes a compatibilist view of emergence and reduction. In particular, it suggests that specific notions of emergence, which the author calls 'few-many emergence' and 'coarse-grained emergence', are compatible with 'intertheoretic reduction'. Some further issues that will be addressed concern the comparison between parts-whole emergence and few-many emergence, the emergence of effective theories, the use of infinite limits, (...) the notion of intertheoretic reduction and the explanation of universal and cooperative behavior. Although the focus will be principally on classical phase transitions and other examples from condensed matter physics, the main aim is to draw some general conclusions on the topics of emergence and reduction that can help us understand a variety of case-studies ranging from high-energy physics to astrophysics. (shrink)

This book uses the analogy of three mountains on the horizon that must be traveled in order to explore ethics in relation to student affairs. It contends there are three major approaches to ethics that represent three major approaches to the moral life: (1) principles-based; (2) case-based; and (3) virtues-based. In order to facilitate a person's experiences in using these approaches, an overview is presented, with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. The chapters refer to an (...) extended case encapsulating the events of a real situation. Chapter One discusses several major approaches to ethics and student affairs administration. Chapter Two presents a single case in depth. In Chapter Three, a summary of major principles-based approaches to ethics is presented. Chapter Four explains the case-based approach to ethics, and how the guiding rules emerge from the facts of the case itself. Another approach to ethics, the virtues-based approach is discussed in Chapter Five. In the virtues-based approach a person asks "What would be correct for me to do in light of my moral character?" The book concludes with Chapter Six, which presents ethics of responsibility as one way to synthesize the various approaches to ethics. The ethics of responsibility draws on the three ethics methods previously discussed, the expressive-collaborative approach, and the contributions of feminism. This information is presented to help people identify which approaches to ethics reflect their personal values, and to articulate the reasons behind this affinity. (Contains 128 references.) (JDM). (shrink)

After experiments with various economic systems, we appear to have conceded, to misquote Winston Churchill that "free enterprise is the worst economic system, except all the others that have been tried." Affirming that conclusion, I shall argue that in today's expanding global economy, we need to revisit our mind-sets about corporate governance and leadership to fit what will be new kinds of free enterprise. The aim is to develop a values-based model for corporate governance in this age of globalization that (...) will be appropriate in a variety of challenging cultural and economic settings. I shall present an analysis of mental models from a social constructivist perspective. I shall then develop the notion of moral imagination as one way to revisit traditional mind-sets about values-based corporate governance and outline what I mean by systems thinking. I shall conclude with examples for modeling corporate governance in multi-cultural settings and draw tentative conclusions about globalization. (shrink)

Nursing practice invites nurses to embody caring practices that meet, comfort and empower vulnerable others. Such a practice requires a commitment to meeting and helping the other in ways that liberate and strengthen and avoid imposing the will of the caregiver on the patient. Being good and acting well (phronesis) occur in particular situations. A socially constituted and embodied view of agency, as developed by Merleau‐Ponty, provides an alternative to Cartesian and Kantian views of agency. A socially constituted, embodied view (...) of agency is less mechanistic and less deterministic than Descartes' and Kant's radical separation of mind and body, and more responsive and generative than Kant's vision of moral agency as constituted by autonomous choice makers who are uninfluenced by emotion. The role of emotion in perception and judgement is explored in this paper. Distinctions between techne and phronesis are drawn. The role of emotion in market relationships and procedural ethics drawn for the abstract, general other are strategies for exchange of goods and services, but these same market relationships are dependent on well‐functioning nonmarket relations of noncalculated giving and receiving. (shrink)

Part I: Eros and tradition -- Alcibiades I and pederasty -- The symposium and Sappho -- Part II: Polis and tradition -- Republic 3 and the sirens -- Laws 4 and the Cyclopes -- Part III: Philosophy and tradition -- The Apology and Oedipus -- The Crito and Thersites.

The severe shortage of organs for transplantation and the continual reluctance of the public to voluntarily donate has prompted consideration of alternative strategies for organ procurement. This paper explores the development of market approaches for procuring human organs for transplantation and considers the social and moral implications of organ donation as both a gift of life and a commodity exchange. The problematic and paradoxical articulation of individual autonomy in relation to property rights and marketing human body parts is addressed. We (...) argue that beliefs about proprietorship over human body parts and the capacity to provide consent for organ donation are culturally constructed. We contend that the political and economic framework of biomedicine, in western and non-western nations, influences access to transplantation technology and shapes the form and development of specific market approaches. Finally, we suggest that marketing approaches for organ procurement are and will be negotiated within cultural parameters constrained by several factors: beliefs about the physical body and personhood, religious traditions, economic conditions, and the availability of technological resources. (shrink)

Abstract:Most papers in this issue carefully analyze normative and empirical methodologies. I shall argue that (a) there is no purely empirical nor purely normative methodology; (b) some terms escape the division of the normative and descriptive. (c) Most importantly, dialogues such as this one point to a form of integration that allows us to reflect on what it is that each approach presupposes in its study of business ethics. Thus we have made progress in recognizing the importance of each methodology, (...) how each is dependent on the other, and how neither is singularly The Approach to business ethics. (shrink)

: While Charles Sanders Peirce did not have what we might think of in the 21st century as an established academic teaching career, he spent much of his scholarly efforts on constructing articles, textbooks, lessons, lectures and schemes that would promote a fertile framework for genuine inquiry within a "scientific community of scholars." What sort of a model for education does pragmatism, after the manner of Charles Peirce's pragmaticism, offer? How would the infusion of a pragmatic mode of inquiry into (...) education affect the way teaching and learning are understood and practiced? In this paper, I will conceptualize the educational system that is suggested by Charles Peirce's pragmaticisim and evaluate the differences between a pragmaticist educational scheme and several major current non-pragmaticist models.Key-words: Peirce, pragmaticism, scientific community, education, constructivism.Resumo: Embora não tenha tido o que podemos conceber, no século XXI, como uma carreira docente acadêmica estabelecida, Charles Sanders Peirce dedicou muito de seus esforços como estudioso preparando artigos, livros-textos, lições, palestras e esquemas que iriam promover um arcabouço fértil para a investigação genuína em uma "comunidade científica de pesquisadores". Que tipo de modelo para a educação o pragmaticismo de Charles Peirce oferece? Como a infusão de um modo de investigação pragmático na educação afetaria a maneira pela qual o ensino e o aprendizado são compreendidos e praticados? Neste artigo, eu conceitualizarei o sistema educacional sugerido pelo pragmaticismo de Charles Peirce e avaliarei as diferenças entre um esquema educacional pragmaticista e vários dos principais modelos não-pragmaticistas atuais.Palavras-chave: Peirce, pragmaticismo, comunidade científica, educação, construtivismo. (shrink)

A diagnose médica, considerada de um ponto de vista semiótico, consiste num complexo processo dialógico entre médico e paciente. Ambos desempenham papéis essenciais no estabelecimento de hipóteses diagnósticas sugestivas. E isso por meio de um diagrama em que as categorias fenomenológicas, propostas por Peirce, funcionam como vetores caracterizando as diversas atividades e experiências que compõem o processo. O processo em sua inteireza é bastante longo, embora possa ser abreviado em razão ou da urgência de se determinar a conduta terapêutica ou (...) da precipitação de ao menos um dos participantes. A seqüência das atividades também pode mudar de direção dependendo do curso do diálogo, como acontece em todo processo dinâmico e não determinístico. (shrink)

For some time we have seen a shift away from direct marketing, a core feature and dominant exchange form in the alternative food world, towards a greater role for intermediation. Yet, we still need to better understand to what extent and in what ways new mediated Alternative Food Networks represent an evolution of or departure from core tenets of alternative food systems. This paper focuses on AFNs with new intermediaries that connect small-scale producers with urban end-consumers. Based on original research (...) in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Calgary, we analyze three different types of mediated AFNs: one driven by consumers, one by an external intermediary, and one by producers. Our cases include non-capitalist, capitalist, and alternative capitalist economic practices as identified by Gibson-Graham. Conceptually, we base our analysis on the three-pillar-model of alternative agri-food systems, which we further refine. Besides comparing our cases with each other, for heuristic purposes we also compare them with an ideal-type model that adheres to core tenets of alterity in all three pillars. Our empirical analysis shows that intermediary organizations can bring important benefits and that mediated AFNs are in principle able to hold true to the core tenets of alternative agri-food systems. However, it is very important to develop models of democratic control and ownership as well as economic arrangements in which created value is fairly shared. Only then can the potentials of new mediated models be realized while the pitfalls of the conventional systems they seek to replace be avoided. (shrink)

Hannah Arendt's work belongs to a Germanic republican tradition post-dating the 19th century revival of Aristotle, marked by the publication of Bekker's 1831 definitive edition. Her immediate intellectual peers are Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche and Weber.

Patricia Werhane synthesizes much of later Wittgensteinian thought, bringing together disparate arguments into a coherent text. Keeping in mind what Wittgenstein set out to accomplish in his later writings, the introduction of new material on the private language arguments, and the philosophical significance of these claims, Werhane develops the thesis that the notion of a rule is such a constitutive of language that a private language is impossible. Such a conclusion challenges many contemporary readings of the Philosphical Investigations by bringing (...) into question conventionalism, linguistic relativism, and idealism while defending the thesis that the notion of a private psychological experience makes sense. (shrink)

Una de las características del cambio científico que ofrece más resistencia a la elaboración de un modelo teórico que permita dar cuenta de él, la constituye su carácter social. Un intento importante para vencer esa resistencia, el realizado por David Hull, se apoya en la noción de adecuación inclus..

Although companion birds are the third most-common animal companion—after dogs and cats—in U.S. households, few anthrozoological publications focus on them. This study examines the role of companion parrots in American households. The study combines a literature review with the results of a survey of bird owners and participant observation. The study uses the resulting qualitative and quantitative data in addressing the social dynamics of companion parrot ownership in the household. The data support the impression that companion parrots increasingly are being (...) considered family members, or "Fids" , thus following current trends in American society that accord companion animals in general a greater investment in time, money, and emotion. However, the general public is not well informed about the complexities of captive parrot care, and psittacine wellness is an important concern. (shrink)

Asperger's syndrome is a pervasive developmental condition characterized by features of autism. As observed in clinical practice, individuals with Asperger's syndrome present an impairment related to inflexibility in their everyday routine, an immediate manner of experiencing and relating, and difficulties in estimating periods of time. Following a phenomenological perspective, this study is an attempt to examine these aforementioned aspects in terms of temporality. Thirteen participants with Asperger's syndrome, from 13 to 20 years old, were interviewed about their experience of periods (...) of time, personal history, their past, present and future; and their concept of time and finitude. After the interviews, it was possible to identify three general themes which emerged in the invariant aspects of their experience of time: factual experience of present and future dimensions, chronological time and the past experience. Moreover, participants' descriptions evidenced aspects of experience based on the specificity of lived facts and a sense of time specifically related to what was lived in the past. (shrink)

One of the main trends of research on the Vita Basilii has been focused on the connections between this text and the rest of the historical work into which it was subsumed, the so-called Continuation of Theophanes. This research has significant implications for the chronology and the sources of the Vita, and for its function and meaning as well. Even if the circumstances of composition of both texts are far from being clear, and the same can be said of its (...) authorship and most of its sources, a close examination of a set of key passages allows to throw some light on the chronology and the sources of the Vita. This passages can be found in the regnum Michaelis of the Continuation and in the Vita and refer to episodes with particular importance, as they constitute the core of the psógos of Michael III. This approach will show that the Vita Basilii can by no means be considered prior to the books I–IV of the Continuation and, therefore, will justify a reformulation of the current chronological hypothesis. In connection with the function and meaning of the Vita, it allows to interpret it as a stylistic reworking which pursued to be the last word of the emperor on the deeds of his dubious grandfather and, in fact, on the historical mission of the Macedonian dynasty. (shrink)

Sont éditées et présentées 24 lettres de Bergson à Salomon Reinach. Outre l'intérêt biographique de cette correspondance, on y trouve trois lettres au moins offrant un véritable intérêt philosophique : une présentation par Bergson de la philosophie de William James et deux lettres sur des aspects de sa propre philosophie, suscitées par la préparation et la parution des Lettres à Zoé. Twenty-four letters from Bergson to Salomon Reinach are edited and presented here. Besides the biographical interest of this correspondence, at (...) least three letters offer a real philosophical interest: a presentation by Bergson of William James's philosophy and two letters on aspects of his own philosophy, prompted by the preparation and the publication of Lettres à Zoé, a book on history of philosophy by Reinach. (shrink)

Henri Bergson commencait en 1914 ses conferences d'Edimbourg en precisant que le probleme de la personnalite pouvait etre considere comme le probleme central de la philosophie. Tel est le point de depart d'un ouvrage qui prend au mot cette reflexion de celui que l'on considere habituellement comme le philosophe de la duree a un moment assez avance de sa carriere intellectuelle. L'auteur interroge la maniere dont le concept de personnalite est apparu dans l'ouvre, mais aussi les progres, les problemes qu'il (...) pose, et finalement son role et sa place dans la genese et le developpement de la pensee de Bergson.". (shrink)

We review Potts' influential book on the semantics of conventional implicature , offering an explication of his technical apparatus and drawing out the proposal's implications, focusing on the class of CIs he calls supplements. While we applaud many facets of this work, we argue that careful considerations of the pragmatics of CIs will be required in order to yield an empirically and explanatorily adequate account.

This essay examines Catharine Cockburn's moral philosophy as it is developed in her Defence of Mr. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding. In this work, Cockburn argues that Locke's epistemological principles provide a foundation for the knowledge of natural law. Sheridan suggests that Cockburn's objective in defending Locke's moral epistemology was conditioned by her own prior commitment to a significantly un-Lockean theory of morality. In exploring Cockbum's views on morality in terms of their divergence from Locke's, the author hopes to underscore (...) the extent of Cockburn's intellectual independence and her philosophical creativity. (shrink)

There are important synergies for the next generation of ethical leaders based on the alignment of modified or adjusted mental models. This entails a synergistic application of moral imagination through collaborative input and critique, rather than "me too" obedience. In this article, we will analyze the Milgram results using frameworks relating to mental models (Werhane et al., Profitable partnerships for poverty alleviation, 2009), as well as work by Moberg on "ethics blind spots'' (Organizational Studies 27(3): 413-428, 2006), and by Bazerman (...) and Chugh on "bounded awareness" (Harvard Business Review, 2006; Mind & Society 6: 1-18, 2007) Using these constructs to examine the Milgram experiment, we will argue that the ways in which the experiments are framed, the presence of an authority figure, the appeal to the authority of science, and the situation in which the naïve participant finds herself or himself, all create a bounded awareness, a narrow blind spot that encourages a climate for obedience, brackets out the opportunity to ask the moral question: "Am I hurting another fellow human being?" and may preclude the subject from utilizing moral imagination to opt out of the experiment. We will conclude that these forms of almost blind obedience to authority are correctable, but with difficulty. We will argue that linking the modification of mental models to an unbinding of awareness represents an important synergistic relationship and one that can build effectively on the lessons learned from our experience with moral imagination. (shrink)